Copy of Canadian History 1713 - 1800

Canadian History 1713 - 1800 - IQ

1713 → The Treaty of Portsmouth

The British colony was rapidly growing and they were determined to take control of all of North America. They constantly built on First Nations lands as the First Nations did not seem powerful enough to do anything about it. The Treaty of Portsmouth was made to end this problem and create peace between the 2. Within the treaty, the British had promised to stop invading First Nations. In return, the First Nations agreed to stop attacking the British and allow any other disputes occurred as time goes on, to be settled by the British government.

1713 → The Treaty of Utrecht

The Treaty of Utrecht was a huge historical event in Canadian history that played a great role in present day North America. North America at this time was going through land disputes between the French, British and First Nations. This treaty had been a significant event because it had created many more tensions and conflicts between all 3 nations as this treaty was not completely fair towards all living in North America during this time. For example, the Treaty had given over Acadia to the British leaving Acadians struggling to find a new home. This relates to present day Canada because what was once Acadia in the 1700’s is now present day New Brunswick. New Brunswick is the only Canadian province that is bilingual. This means that there are both French and English speaking citizens with equal rights.

Around 1713 - 1725 → Battles After Broken Treaty

Shortly after the Treaty of Portsmouth had been signed, the British started to break agreements stated in the treaty and build settlements on First Nations territories. This caused more tensions to grow between the 2 nations as it was an act of betrayal against the treaty itself and the First Nations. During this time, British were also fighting for land in dispute with the French. This meaning that they were not at good terms with any nation as their main focus was to grasp all land in North America. The French Governor General at the time, Philippe de Rigaud de Vaudreuil wanted to strengthen ties between the French and First Nations, the Wabanaki Confederacy specifically. This is what lead the British to think that the French were involved in attacks made by the Wabanaki. Though, the French had claimed they did not help the Wabanaki with their attacks. As time went on, a note was found from a French administrative official to a French jesuit priest named Father Sebastian Rale. Focusing on a certain period of time, during the years 1722 - 1725, many battles and attacks occurred between the British and Wabanaki. The battles in this time period was known as Father Rale’s War. Father Rale was taken and killed by the British in 1724 which raised tensions between the French and British.

1744 → French & British War/Fortress Louisbourg

Back in 1713, the French had decided to build a very large and useful fortress that seemed highly intimidating to the British. The fort was built in present day Nova Scotia next to a huge lake. The Fortress was named Fortress Louisbourg. It was used by the French for fishing, trading, military and even safety purposes. Overtime, many lived behind the fortress and it was very populated. With all the tensions between the French & British, another war had begun in 1744 and in 1745, the British had taken over Fortress Louisbourg. The war continued on for years until a peace treaty had ended it and the Fortress Louisbourg was handed back to the French. Though, a few years later, in 1758, the British had once again captured the Fortress Louisbourg for good. in the war, the British and French wanted to economically hurt each other in hope of slowly destroying the military strength. The attack on Fortress Louisbourg had an impact on the First Nations as all trading goods were held in this fort. This lead First Nations to attack the fortress in search to find any remaining goods.

Early 1750’s → Tensions For The Ohio River Valley

In the early 1750’s The british clashed with the French near the Ohio River Valley. As both nations wanted anything to help grow their colony claim North America, they both had to get all the land they could find. Both, the French and British wanted the Ohio River Valley because of many purposes that can be beneficial to them such as the transportation route that lead thousands of kilometres away, near the Gulf of Mexico. This transportation route was frequently used by the First Nations but had caught the attention of the British and French. The British believed that the First Nations had no power over them and did not deserve any land for as the French had more respect towards them. The French and British had commenced their builds on settlements in this area and conflicts were rising.

1754 → Fortress Duquesne

Fortress Duquesne is a fort made by the French military near present day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It was strategized and built near 2 rivers meeting to form the Ohio River. The British wanted control over the fortress because of the values it may have to them as the tensions were heating up to claim the Ohio River Valley. The British had tried capturing the fort many times before finally succeeding in 1758, which many historians was the cause of the Sevens Years War.

1755 - 1763 → Acadian Expulsion

Acadians were hard-working French citizens. They mostly lived in Nova Scotia which back then was known as Acadia and as mentioned before, almost half the land they settled on was given to the British after the Treaty of Utrecht was signed. The treaty had still allowed the Acadians to depart onto French territory but they refused to leave the land they worked long and hard on. They had used a lot of land for farming purposes and were adjusted to their environment. In 1730, the British had made an agreement with the Acadians that had given the Acadians a chance to redeem their land in exchange for practising catholicism while still remaining loyal to the French (support French when battles occur between the 2 nations). Over this specific time period when the relationship between the British and French were not on good terms, the British had demanded the Acadians to sign an oath to fight the French in any war that occurred between the French & British in the nearby future. When the Acadians refused, the British had forced over thousands of Acadians to leave their homes and shipped to undirected locations. This expulsion had left a huge population of Acadians either dead, lost or separated from loved ones.

After the Acadian expulsion, more forts and settlements started to build and animosity between the French and First Nations ( allies ) against the British grew. Around the year of 1785, the Acadians that had been deported during the expulsion had struggled to survive but over 2000 had found and settled in New Orleans. Though back in 1764, the British had allowed the Acadians to return to Acadia and over 3000 Acadians had returned but because the land was still British territory, the Acadians had settled in present day New Brunswick.

1754 - 1763 → Seven Years War

Rising tensions between the nations in North America eventually lead to a huge war. The Seven years war had lasted 23 years due to battles with the British in other parts of the world including India, Caribbean, and more. Though, most people focus on these 9 years even though the events name itself is Seven Years War. Focusing on North America, the cause of the Seven Years War consisted of rising tensions with the nations as well as the need for more land. Most people would say that the First Nations were the biggest losers through most events occurred because they were not considered powerful. In fact, the British stated that they didn't own land, they used it. Many series of events had taken place during the Sevens Years War and this historical event had left a huge impact to present day North America. There were many causes that triggered the war including the battles for Fortress Louisbourg and Fortress Duquesne. One by One, the British work to capture the French’s main forts. The Seven Years War ended leaving the British victorious and the French in a massive, devastating defeat.

1759 → Battle of the Plains of Abraham

The Battles of the Plains of Abraham was a very important event in not only the Seven Years War but in Canadian History. The British had came to Quebec to take occupy the land that belonged to the French. The British Invasion/attacks in Quebec lead to the death of both, the French and British commanders, James Wolfie & Marquis of Montcalm. In the end, the British claimed victory of all of New France and the French had lost all power to reclaim their land. In 1963, the Treaty of Paris had ended the war and the French had surrendered.

1763 → Pontiac’s Rebellion

The Seven Years War had negatively affected the First Nations in many ways. Once the war was over and the French had no power, the First Nations were limited to their trades. The French had respected the First Nations unlike the British who had little to no respect at all for the First Nations. Chief Pontiac, the leader of the Odawa nation, which is a First Nations tribe. The First Nations had attacked a British fort named Fort MIchilimackinac along with 8 other posts around Lake Erie & Lake Huron. This time period was known as Pontiac’s Rebellion, Pontiac’s War or/and Pontiac’s Conspiracy. This was a significant historical event because the First Nations had gained power and had fought back the British who had taken over almost all land in North America.

1764 → Treaty of Niagara

As time went on, the British had created new rules/ laws for people living in North America. The rules had announced peace between the First Nations and British. Overtime, peace was made and the Treaty of Niagara was made to show equality to the First Nations. In this treaty, the British had promised not to invade the Ohio Valley. There was a belt made from Wampum to symbolize promises in this treaty and is still important

1773 → The Boston Tea Party

In 1773, Protesters had gotten onto ships and decided to dump a massive amount of tea into the water. These protesters had taken tea from the East India Company because earlier that year the British had announced lower taxes for only that company. This had raised tensions between the British government and the British. This event had been recognized as The Boston Tea Party. This historical event had triggered many other events that lead to the American Revolution in 1775.

1774 → Quebec Act

After the French had lost all land in North America, many of their rights had been taken away after the proclamation had been made by the British after the war. Sir Guy Carleton, the governor of Quebec had been given many complains with the rules made by the British, most coming from the French. He was afraid the French would start another battle and create more tension so he had tried his best to convince the British Government to reconsider the laws to maintain peace between everyone living in North America. After years of trying, the British Government had finally agreed to change the rules and more rights were given to the French. Though, after this act, almost half of the First Nations land was given to the British.

1775 - 1783 → The American Revolution

As more British were coming to settle in North America, the British colony began to grow. The thirteen colonies were 13 British colonies on the east of North America. Some settlers there wanted to separate from the British and their rules while others still wanted to remain under the British Government's control. Loyalists were British settlers living in the thirteen colonies that remained loyal to Britain. Patriots were British settlers living in the thirteen colonies that disobeyed Britain and its government. When the American revolution began, many loyalists were forced to leave the thirteen colonies but even before it had begun, many loyalists were already migrating north. The rising taxes on sugar, stamps, and tea was creating a huge conflict between the British and British government. Even after peace was made between Britain and the other nation, Britain has raised tensions between themselves.

1775 → Patriots vs. Loyalists

The Loyalists had a war with the Patriots when the American Revolution had begun. The war had went on for 6 years until it had finally ended in 1781 with the Loyalists defeated. The war had completely ended in 1783 when the Treaty of Paris, where the British had decided to end control over the thirteen colonies. Since the win, the Loyalists were harassed and attacked by the Patriots for years. The British Government had allowed the Loyalists to find safety in British North America and over 50 000 Loyalists had migrated to British North America. Most Loyalists had gone to Nova Scotia where there was plenty of land after all the battles that had went on there. The First Nations had been divided by this war too. Most First Nations had sided with the British but some had become allies with the Patriots. British North America was not in the best conditions after the victory of the Patriots.

1791 → Constitutional Act

After the Loyalists were migrating to British North America, there was a major population increase and not enough land for the Loyalists. They hadn’t received what had been promised to be given to them and that had creating conflicts. This had impacted the First Nations because many of their lands were taken by the British and the Loyalists which had started more tensions between the groups. The Constitutional Act had been introduced in 1791 where the formation of Upper & Lower Canada had been made. This had divided Quebec to make Upper Canada which consisted of the Great Lakes and the upper half of the St. Lawrence River and Lower Canada which consisted of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the lower half of the St. Lawrence River. Many different rights were given to the 2 areas including religious, educational, etc. This has had an impact on Canada today as it had been a step to what shaped Canada and its borders, language, provinces, etc.